聯合國國際貨物銷售合同公約

United Nations Convention On Contracts For The International Sale Of Goods，1980 （CISG）

1980年4月11日訂于維也納

本公約各締約國，銘記聯合國大會第六屆特別會議通過的關于建立新的國際經濟秩序的各項決議的廣泛目標，考慮到在平等互利基礎上發展國際貿易是促進各國間友好關系的一個重要因素，認為采用照顧到不同的社會、經濟和法律制度的國際貨物銷售合同統一規則，將有助于減少國際貿易的法律障礙，促進國際貿易的發展，茲協議如下：

THE STATES PARTIES TO THIS CONVENTION,

BEARING IN MIND the broad objectives in the resolutions adopted by the sixth special session of the General Assembly of the United Nations on the establishment of a New International Economic Order, CONSIDERING that the development of international trade on the basis of equality and mutual benefit is an important element in promoting friendly relations among States, BEING OF THE OPINION that the adoption of uniform rules which govern contracts for the international sale of goods and take into account the different social, economic and legal systems would contribute to the removal of legal barriers in international trade and promote the development of international trade,

HAVE DECREED as follows:

第一部分 適用范圍和總則

PART I-Sphere of Application and General Provisions

第一章 適用范圍

Chapter I-Sphere of Application

第一條

（1）本公約適用于營業地在不同國家的當事人之間所訂立的貨物銷售合同：

（a）如果這些國家是締約國；或

（b）如果國際私法規則導致適用某一締約國的法律。

（2）當事人營業地在不同國家的事實，如果從合同或從訂立合同前任何時候或訂立合同時，當事人之間的任何交易或當事人透露的情報均看不出，應不予考慮。

（3）在確定本公約的適用時，當事人的國籍和當事人或合同的民事或商業性質，應不予考慮。

Article 1

(1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States:

(a) when the States are Contracting States; or

(b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.

(2) The fact that the parties have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract.

(3) Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration in determining the application of this Convention.

第二條

本公約不適用于以下的銷售：

（a）購供私人、家人或家庭使用的貨物的銷售，除非賣方在訂立合同前任何時候或訂立合同時不知道而且沒有理由知道這些貨物是購供任何這種使用；

（b）經由拍賣的銷售；

（c）根據法律執行令狀或其它令狀的銷售；

（d）公債、股票、投資證券、流通票據或貨幣的銷售；

（e）船舶、船只、氣墊船或飛機的銷售；

（f）電力的銷售。

Article 2

This Convention does not apply to sales:

(a) of goods bought for personal, family or household use, unless the seller, at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract, neither knew nor ought to have known that the goods were bought for any such use;

(b) by auction;

(c) on execution or otherwise by authority of law;

(d) of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money;

(e) of ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft;

(f) of electricity.

第三條

（1）供應尚待制造或生產的貨物的合同應視為銷售合同，除非訂購貨物的當事人保證供應這種制造或生產所需的大部分重要材料。

（2）本公約不適用于供應貨物一方的絕大部分義務在于供應勞力或其它服務的合同。

Article 3

(1) Contracts for the supply of goods to be manufactured or produced are to be considered sales unless the party who orders the goods undertakes to supply a substantial part of the materials necessary for such manufacture or production.

(2) This Convention does not apply to contracts in which the preponderant part of the obligations of the party who furnishes the goods consists in the supply of labour or other services.

第四條

本公約只適用于銷售合同的訂立和賣方和買方因此種合同而產生的權利和義務。特別是，本公約除非另有明文規定，與以下事項無關：

（a）合同的效力，或其任何條款的效力，或任何慣例的效力；

（b）合同對所售貨物所有權可能產生的影響。

Article 4

This Convention governs only the formation of the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer arising from such a contract. In particular, except as otherwise expressly provided in this Convention, it is not concerned with:

(a) the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any usage;

(b) the effect which the contract may have on the property in the goods sold.

第五條

本公約不適用于賣方對于貨物對任何人所造成的死亡或傷害的責任。

Article 5

This Convention does not apply to the liability of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods to any person.

第六條

雙方當事人可以不適用本公約，或在第十二條的條件下，減損本公約的任何規定或改變其效力。

Article 6

The parties may exclude the application of this Convention or, subject to article 12, derogate from or vary the effect of any of its provisions.

第二章 總則

Chapter II-General Provisions

第七條

（1）在解釋本公約時，應考慮到本公約的國際性質和促進其適用的統一以及在國際貿易上遵守誠信的需要。

（2）凡本公約未明確解決的屬于本公約范圍的問題，應按照本公約所依據的一般原則來解決，在沒有一般原則的情況下，則應按照國際私法規定適用的法律來解決。

Article 7

(1) In the interpretation of this Convention, regard is to be had to its international character and to the need to promote uniformity in its application and the observance of good faith in international trade.

(2) Questions concerning matters governed by this Convention which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on which it is based or, in the absence of such principles, in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law.

第八條

（1）為本公約的目的，一方當事人所作的聲明和其它行為，應依照他的意旨解釋，如果另一方當事人已知道或者不可能不知道此一意旨。

（2）如果上一款的規定不適用，當事人所作的聲明和其它行為，應按照一個與另一方當事人同等資格、通情達理的人處于相同情況中，應有的理解來解釋。

（3）在確定一方當事人的意旨或一個通情達理的人應有的理解時，應適當地考慮到與事實有關的一切情況，包括談判情形、當事人之間確立的任何習慣作法、慣例和當事人其后的任何行為。

Article 8

(1) For the purposes of this Convention statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to his intent where the other party knew or could not have been unaware what that intent was.

(2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to the understanding that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would have had in the same circumstances.

(3) In determining the intent of a party or the understanding a reasonable person would have had, due consideration is to be given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations, any practices which the parties have established between themselves, usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties.

第九條

（1）雙方當事人業已同意的任何慣例和他們之間確立的任何習慣做法，對雙方當事人均有約束力。

（2）除非另有協議，雙方當事人應視為已默示地同意對他們的合同或合同的訂立適用雙方當事人已知道或理應知道的慣例，而這種慣例，在國際貿易上，已為有關特定貿易所涉同類合同的當事人所廣泛知道并為他們所經常遵守。

Article 9

(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves.

(2) The parties are considered, unless otherwise agreed, to have impliedly made applicable to their contract or its formation a usage of which the parties knew or ought to have known and which in international trade is widely known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type involved in the particular trade concerned.

第十條

為本公約的目的：

（a）如果當事人有一個以上的營業地，則以與合同及合同的履行關系最密切的營業地為其營業地，但要考慮到雙方當事人在訂立合同前任何時候或訂立合同時所知道或所設想的情況；

（b）如果當事人沒有營業地，則以其慣常居住地為準。

Article 10

For the purposes of this Convention:

(a) if a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract;

(b) if a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made to his habitual residence.

第十一條

銷售合同無須以書面訂立或書面證明，在形式方面也不受任何其它條件的限制。銷售合同可以用包括人證在內的任何方法證明。

Article 11

A contract of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.

第十二條

本公約第十一條、第二十九條或第二部分準許銷售合同或其更改或根據協議終止，或者任何發價、接受或其它意旨表示得以書面以外任何形式做出的任何規定不適用，如果任何一方當事人的營業地是在已按照本公約第九十六條做出了聲明的一個締約國內，各當事人不得減損本條或改變其效力。

Article 12

Any provision of article 11, article 29 or Part II of this Convention that allows a contract of sale or its modification or termination by agreement or any offer, acceptance or other indication of intention to be made in any form other than in writing does not apply where any party has his place of business in a Contracting State which has made a declaration under article 96 of this Convention. The parties may not derogate from or vary the effect or this article.

第十三條

為本公約的目的，“書面”包括電報和電傳。

Article 13

For the purposes of this Convention “writing” includes telegram and telex.

第二部分 合同的訂立

PART II-Formation of the Contract

第十四條

（1）向一個或一個以上特定的人提出的訂立合同的建議，如果十分確定并且表明發價人在得到接受時承受約束的意旨，即構成發價。一個建議如果寫明貨物并且明示或暗示地規定數量和價格或規定如何確定數量和價格，即為十分確定。

（2）非向一個或一個以上特定的人提出的建議，僅應視為邀請做出發價，除非提出建議的人明確地表示相反的意向。

Article 14

(1) A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. A proposal is sufficiently definite if it indicates the goods and expressly or implicitly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and the price.

(2) A proposal other than one addressed to one or more specific persons is to be considered merely as an invitation to make offers, unless the contrary is clearly indicated by the person making the proposal.

第十五條

（1）發價于送達被發價人時生效。

（2）一項發價，即使是不可撤銷的，得予撤回，如果撤回通知于發價送達被發價人之前或同時，送達被發價人。

Article 15

(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.

(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.

第十六條

（1）在未訂立合同之前，發價得予撤銷，如果撤銷通知于被發價人發出接受通知之前送達被發價人。

（2）但在下列情況下，發價不得撤銷：

（a）發價寫明接受發價的期限或以其它方式表示發價是不可撤銷的；或

（b）被發價人有理由信賴該項發價是不可撤銷的，而且被發價人已本著對該項發價的信賴行事。

Article 16

(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before he has dispatched an acceptance.

(2) However, an offer cannot be revoked:

(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or

(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.

第十七條

一項發價，即使是不可撤銷的，于拒絕通知送達發價人時終止。

Article 17

An offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.

第十八條

（1）被發價人聲明或做出其它行為表示同意一項發價，即是接受，緘默或不行動本身不等于接受。

（2）接受發價于表示同意的通知送達發價人時生效。如果表示同意的通知在發價人所規定的時間內，如未規定時間，在一段合理的時間內，未曾送達發價人，接受就成為無效，但須適當地考慮到交易的情況，包括發價人所使用的通訊方法的迅速程序。對口頭發價必須立即接受，但情況有別者不在此限。

（3）但若根據該項發價或依當事人之間確立的習慣作法和慣例，被發價人可以做出某種行為，例如與發運貨物或支付價款有關的行為，來表示同意，而無須向發價人發出通知，則接受于該項行為做出時生效，但該項行為必須在上一款所規定的期間內做出。

Article 18

(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.

(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective at the moment the indication of assent reaches the offeror. An acceptance is not effective if the indication of assent does not reach the offeror within the time he has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time, due account being taken of the circumstances of the transaction, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.

(3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act, such as one relating to the dispatch of the goods or payment of the price, without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective at the moment the act is performed, provided that the act is performed within the period of time laid down in the preceding paragraph.

第十九條

（1）對發價表示接受但載有添加、限制或其它更改的答復，即為拒絕該項發價，并構成還價。

（2）但是，對發價表示接受但載有添加或不同條件的答復，如所載的添加或不同條件在實質上并不變更該項發價的條件，除發價人在不過分遲延的期間內以口頭或書面通知反對其間的差異外，仍構成接受。如果發價人不做出這種反對，合同的條件就以該項發價的條件以及接受通知內所載的更改為準。

（3）有關貨物價格、付款、貨物質量和數量、交貨地點和時間、一方當事人對另一方當事人的賠償責任范圍或解決爭端等等的添加或不同條件，均視為在實質上變更發價的條件。

Article 19

(1) A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.

(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects orally to the discrepancy or dispatches a notice to that effect. If he does not so object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.

(3) Additional or different terms relating, among other things, to the price, payment, quality and quantity of the goods, place and time of delivery, extent of one party’s liability to the other or the settlement of disputes are considered to alter the terms of the offer materially.

第二十條

（1）發價人在電報或信件內規定的接受期間，從電報交發時刻或信上載明的發信日期起算，如信上未載明發信日期，則從信封上所載日期起算。發價人以電話、電傳或其它快速通訊方法規定的接受期間，從發價送達被發價人時起算。

（2）在計算接受期間時，接受期間內的正式假日或非營業日應計算在內。但是，如果接受通知在接受期間的最后1天未能送到發價人地址，因為那天在發價人營業地是正式假日或非營業日，則接受期間應順延至下一個營業日。

Article 20

(1) A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror in a telegram or a letter begins to run from the moment the telegram is handed in for dispatch or from the date shown on the letter or, if no such date is shown, from the date shown on the envelope. A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror by telephone, telex or other means of instantaneous communication, begins to run from the moment that the offer reaches the offeree.

(2) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during the period for acceptance are included in calculating the period. However, if a notice of acceptance cannot be delivered at the address of the offeror on the last day of the period because that day falls on an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the offeror, the period is extended until the first business day which follows.

第二十一條

（1）逾期接受仍有接受的效力，如果發價人毫不遲延地用口頭或書面將此種意見通知被發價人。

（2）如果載有逾期接受的信件或其它書面文件表明，它是在傳遞正常、能及時送達發價人的情況下寄發的，則該項逾期接受具有接受的效力，除非發價人毫不遲延地用口頭或書面通知被發價人：他認為他的發價已經失效。

Article 21

(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without delay the offeror orally so informs the offeree or dispatches a notice to that effect.

(2) If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror orally informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed or dispatches a notice to that effect.

第二十二條

接受得予撤回，如果撤回通知于接受原應生效之前或同時，送達發價人。

Article 22

An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.

第二十三條

合同于按照本公約規定對發價的接受生效時訂立。

Article 23

A contract is concluded at the moment when an acceptance of an offer becomes effective in accordance with the provisions of this Convention.

第二十四條

為公約本部分的目的，發價、接受聲明或任何其它意旨表示“送達”對方，系指用口頭通知對方或通過任何其它方法送交對方本人，或其營業地或通訊地址，如無營業地或通訊地址，則送交對方慣常居住地。

Article 24

For the purposes of this Part of the Convention, an offer, declaration of acceptance or any other indication of intention “reaches” the addressee when it is made orally to him or delivered by any other means to him personally, to his place of business or mailing address or, if he does not have a place of business or mailing address, to his habitual residence.

第三部分 貨物銷售

PART III-Sale of Goods

第一章 總則

Chapter I-General Provisions

第二十五條

一方當事人違反合同的結果，如使另一方當事人蒙受損害，以致于實際上剝奪了他根據合同規定有權期待得到的東西，即為根本違反合同，除非違反合同一方并不預知而且一個同等資格、通情達理的人處于相同情況中也沒有理由預知會發生這種結果。

Article 25

A breach of contract committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it results in such detriment to the other party as substantially to deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract, unless the party in breach did not foresee and a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen such a result.

第二十六條

宣告合同無效的聲明，必須向另一方當事人發出通知，方始有效。

Article 26

A declaration of avoidance of the contract is effective only if made by notice to the other party.

第二十七條

除非公約本部分另有明文規定，當事人按照本部分的規定，以適合情況的方法發出任何通知、要求或其它通知后，這種通知如在傳遞上發生耽擱或錯誤，或者未能到達，并不使該當事人喪失依靠該項通知的權利。

Article 27

Unless otherwise expressly provided in this Part of the Convention, if any notice, request or other communication is given or made by a party in accordance with this Part and by means appropriate in the circumstances, a delay or error in the transmission of the communication or its failure to arrive does not deprive that party of the right to rely on the communication.

第二十八條

若按照本公約的規定，一方當事人有權要求另一方當事人履行某一義務，法院沒有義務做出判決，要求具體履行此一義務，除非法院依照其本身的法律對不屬本公約范圍的類似銷售合同愿意這樣做。

Article 28

If, in accordance with the provisions of this Convention, one party is entitled to require performance of any obligation by the other party, a court is not bound to enter a judgement for specific performance unless the court would do so under its own law in respect of similar contracts of sale not governed by this Convention.

第二十九條

（1）合同只需雙方當事人協議，就可更改或終止。

（2）規定任何更改或根據協議終止必須以書面做出的書面合同，不得以任何其它方式更改或根據協議終止。但是，一方當事人的行為，如經另一方當事人寄以信賴，就不得堅持此項規定。

Article 29

(1) A contract may be modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties.

(2) A contract in writing which contains a provision requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in writing may not be otherwise modified or terminated by agreement. However, a party may be precluded by his conduct from asserting such a provision to the extent that the other party has relied on that conduct.

第二章 賣方的義務

Chapter II-Obligations of the Seller

第三十條

賣方必須按照合同和本公約的規定，交付貨物，移交一切與貨物有關的單據并轉移貨物所有權。

Article 30

The seller must deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to them and transfer the property in the goods, as required by the contract and this Convention.

第一節 交付貨物和移交單據

Section I-Delivery of the goods and handing over of documents

第三十一條

如果賣方沒有義務要在任何其它特定地點交付貨物，他的交貨義務如下：

（a）如果銷售合同涉及到貨物的運輸，賣方應把貨物移交給第一承運人，以運交給買方；

（b）在不屬于上款規定的情況下，如果合同指的是特定貨物或從特定存貨中提取的或尚待制造或生產的未經特定化的貨物，而雙方當事人在訂立合同時已知道這些貨物是在某一特定地點，或將在某一特定地點制造或生產，賣方應在該地點把貨物交給買方處置；

（c）在其它情況下，賣方應在他于訂立合同時的營業地把貨物交給買方處置。

Article 31

If the seller is not bound to deliver the goods at any other particular place, his obligation to deliver consists:

(a) if the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods – in handing the goods over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer;

(b) if, in cases not within the preceding subparagraph, the contract related to specific goods, or unidentified goods to be drawn from a specific stock or to be manufactured or produced, and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the parties knew that the goods were at, or were to be manufactured or produced at, a particular place – in placing the goods at the buyer’s disposal at that place;

(c) in other cases – in placing the goods at the buyer’s disposal at the place where the seller had his place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contract.

第三十二條

（1）若賣方按合同或本公約的規定將貨物交付給承運人，但貨物沒有以貨物上加標記、或以裝運單據或其它方式清楚地注明有關合同，賣方必須向買方發出列明貨物的發貨通知。

（2）若賣方有義務安排貨物的運輸，他必須訂立必要的合同，以按通常運輸條件，用適合情況的運輸工具，把貨物運到指定地點。

（3）若賣方無義務對貨物的運輸辦理保險，他必須在買方提出要求時，向買方提供一切現有的必要資料，使他能夠辦理這種保險。

Article 32

(1) If the seller, in accordance with the contract or this Convention, hands the goods over to a carrier and if the goods are not clearly identified to the contract by markings on the goods, by shipping documents or otherwise, the seller must give the buyer notice of the consignment specifying the goods.

(2) If the seller is bound to arrange for carriage of the goods, he must make such contracts as are necessary for carriage to the place fixed by means of transportation appropriate in the circumstances and according to the usual terms for such transportation.

(3) If the seller is not bound to effect insurance in respect of the carriage of the goods, he must, at the buyer’s request, provide him with all available information necessary to enable him to effect such insurance.

第三十三條

賣方必須按以下規定的日期交付貨物：

（a）如果合同規定有日期，或從合同可以確定日期，應在該日期交貨；

（b）如果合同規定有一段時間，或從合同可以確定一段時間，除非情況表明應由買方選定一個日期外，應在該段時間內任何時候交貨；或者

（c）在其它情況下，應在訂立合同后一段合理時間內交貨。

Article 33

The seller must deliver the goods:

(a) if a date is fixed by or determinable from the contract, on that date;

(b) if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within that period unless circumstances indicate that the buyer is to choose a date; or

(c) in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract.

第三十四條

如果賣方有義務移交與貨物有關的單據，他必須按照合同所規定的時間、地點和方式移交這些單據。如果賣方在那個時間以前已移交這些單據，他可以在那個時間到達前糾正單據中任何不符合同規定的情形，但是，此一權利的行使不得使買方遭受不合理的不便或承擔不合理的開支。但是，買方保留本公約所規定的要求損害賠償的任何權利。

Article 34

If the seller is bound to hand over documents relating to the goods, he must hand them over at the time and place and in the form required by the contract. If the seller has handed over documents before that time, he may, up to that time, cure any lack of conformity in the documents, if the exercise of this right does not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense. However, the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention.

第二節 貨物相符與第三方要求

Section II-Conformity of the goods and third party claims

第三十五條

（1）賣方交付的貨物必須與合同所規定的數量、質量和規格相符，并須按照合同所規定的方式裝箱或包裝。

（2）除雙方當事人業已另有協議外，貨物除非符合以下規定，否則即為與合同不符：

（a）貨物適用于同一規格貨物通常使用的目的；

（b）貨物適用于訂立合同時曾明示或默示地通知賣方的任何特定目的，除非情況表明買方并不依賴賣方的技能和判斷力，或者這種依賴對他是不合理的；

（c）貨物的質量與賣方向買方提供的貨物樣品或樣式相同；

（d）貨物按照同類貨物通用的方式裝箱或包裝，如果沒有此種通用方式，則按足以保全和保護貨物的方式裝箱或包裝。

（3）如果買方在訂立合同時知道或不可能不知道貨物不符合同，賣方就無須按上一款（a）項至（d）項負有此種不符合同的責任。

Article 35

(1) The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract.

(2) Except where the parties have agreed otherwise, the goods do not conform with the contract unless they:

(a) are fit for the purposes for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be used;

(b) are fit for any particular purpose expressly or impliedly made known to the seller at the time of the conclusion of the contract, except where the circumstances show that the buyer did not rely, or that it was unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller’s skill and judgement;

(c) possess the qualities of goods which the seller has held out to the buyer as a sample or model;

(d) are contained or packaged in the manner usual for such goods or, where there is no such manner, in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods.

(3) The seller is not liable under subparagraphs (a) to (d) of the preceding paragraph for any lack of conformity of the goods if at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been unaware of such lack of conformity.

第三十六條

（1）賣方應按照合同和本公約的規定，對風險移轉到買方時所存在的任何不符合同情形，負有責任，即使這種不符合同情形在該時間后方始明顯。

（2）賣方對在上一款所述時間后發生的任何不符合同情形，也應負有責任，如果這種不符合同情形是由于賣方違反他的某項義務所致，包括違反關于在一段時間內貨物將繼續適用于其通常使用的目的或某種特定目的，或將保持某種特定質量或性質的任何保證。